語法知識：省略、倒裝和插入語
I.省略
為了使講話和行文簡潔，句中某些成分有時可以省略。省略可分為以下幾種情況：
（一） 簡單句中的省略
1、省略主語
(1)祈使句中的主語通常被省略。如：
(I)Beg your pardon.
(請再說一遍。--括號內(nèi)為省略的詞語，下同)
(2)其它省略主語多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。如：
①（I）Thank you for your help.
②（I）See you tomorrow.
③（It）Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。如：
①（There is）No smoking.(禁止吸煙。)
②(Is there)Anything else?(還有其它事嗎？)
③(You come)This way,please.(請這邊走。)
④(Will you)Have a smoke?(吸支煙？)
⑤What(do you think)about a cup of tea?(來杯茶怎么樣？)
⑥Why(do you)not say hello to him?(為何不向他問好呢？)
3、省略賓語
（1）省略賓語的全部。如：
①---Do you know Miss Gao? -----I don’t know (her).
②----Which of the two is the better choice?----Well,it’s hard to tell (it).
(2)在一定的語境中，在某些動詞（如want,wish,hope,like,love等）之后，可省略作賓語的不定式短語，只保留to。如：
①-----Are you going there?-----I’d like to (go there).
②He didn’t give me the chance,though he had promised to (give me the chance).
如果該賓語是be動詞或是動詞的完成時態(tài)，則須在to之后加be或have。如：
③-----Are you an engineer?------No,but I want to be(an engineer).
④----He hasn’t finished the task yet.-----Well,he ought to have(finished the task).
4、 省略表語。如：
①----Are you thirsty?-----Yes,I am(thirsty).
②His brother is not lazy,nor is his sister(lazy).
5、同時省略幾個成分。如：
①-----Are you feeling better now?----(I am feeling )Much better (now).
②----Have you finished your work?----(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
兩個并列分句中，后一個分句常省略與前一個分句中相同的部分。如：
① My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
② I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.
(三)主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1、句中有一些成分被省略（多見于句首）。如：
①(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.
②(It is)Pity we live so far from the sea.
2、省略了從句中與主句相同的部分。如：
①They don’t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).
②My friend can’t come to school,but I wonder why(he can’t come).
3、省略了一個從句或從句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。如：
①----She must be busy now.----If so,she can’t go with us.
②----Is he feeling better today?----I’m afraid not.
類似的用法還有：How so?/Why so?/Is that so?/Do you think so?/Quite so./He said so./I hope so./I don’t think so./I suppose not./I believe not./I hope not，等。
4、 句和從句各有一些成分被省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).
②----Is Mr King in his office?----(I’m)Sorry,I don’t know(whether he is or not).
（四）其它省略
英語省略的情況還有很多，下面歸納幾種需要注意的情況：
1、that的省略
(1)賓語從句中常省略連詞 that,但并列多個賓語從句中，只能省略第一個that。
(2)在定語從句中，通常當(dāng)that在從句中作賓語時，才能省略。如：
The noodles (that)I cooked were delicious.
但是定語從句是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時,在從句中作主語的that也常省略。如：This is the fastest train(that)there is to Beijing.
(3)在主語從句、同位語從句中that很少省略（口語中有省略），在表語從句中偶爾省略。
2、不定式符號to的省略
（1）并列的不定式，前面的不定式帶to,后面的不定式可省去to。如：①I told him to sit down and wait a while.
但是，如果兩個不定式之間有對比關(guān)系，則不可省去to。如：
Hearing the news,we didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
（2）某些使役動詞（如make,let,have）及感官動詞（如see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,look at,listen to等）后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式一定要省去to,但在被動語態(tài)中須把to復(fù)原。比較：
I saw the boy fall from the tree./The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
He often makes his sister cry,but today he was made to cry by his sister.
(3)find當(dāng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時，后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語不定式的符號to可以省去，也可以不省。如：
We found him(to)work hard at the experiment.
但如果不定式是to be則to不能省略。如：
She found him to be dishonest.
(4)help當(dāng)“幫助”講時，后面的賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式符號to可省，也可不省。如：
I will help(to)do it for you./I will help you(to)do it.
(5)介詞but,except前若有動詞do,后面的動詞不定式不帶to。如：
① The boy does nothing but play all day.
② The animals have nothing to do but lie down and sleep in winter.
(6)主語從句中有動詞do,后面作表語的動詞不定式的to可帶可不帶。如：What we can do now is (to) wait.
3、連詞if在部分虛擬條件句中可省略，但后面的語序要有變化。（見“倒裝句”有關(guān)部分）
4、在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語與主句的主語一致時，可省去“主語+be”部分，如：
① As(he was)a child,he often asked many interesting questions.
② I’m going with you if(I am)free.
③ He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
5、 在某些狀語從句中，從句的主語是it，其后的動詞be及其主語可一起省略。如：
① Fill in the blanks with articles,if(it is)necessary.
② Whenever(it was)possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.
6、 在than和as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中，在意義明確的情況下，可省略than和as后的任何部分。如：
① I know you than he(knows you).
② I know you than(I know)him.
③ In winter,it is colder here than(it is cold)in your hometown.
④ I’m nearly as tall as he(is).
II. 倒裝
英語的正常語序是“主語+謂語”。即主語在前，謂語在后。有時由于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要或表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，就要采取倒裝形式。將謂語動詞完全移到主語前稱完全倒裝；只將助動詞或情態(tài)動詞放到主語之前，稱為部分倒裝。比較：
The teacher came in.→In came the teacher.（完全倒裝）
I have never seen so moving a film before.→Never before have I seen so moving a film.(部分倒裝)
倒裝句常用于下列情況：
1、疑問句要倒裝。如
① Are you from America?（一般疑問句）
② How old is your father?（特殊疑問句）
③ Would you like tea or coffee?（選擇疑問句）
④ He was very unhappy,wasn’t he?（反意疑問句）
其中反意疑問句前面陳述部分不倒裝，后面附加部分倒裝。特殊疑問句中，如果疑問詞在句中作主語或作主語的定語，就不倒裝。如：⑤Who is going to give us a talk?(主語)
⑥Which bus runs to the zoo?(主語的定語)
2、there be句型
（1）be與其后緊接著的主語保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。如：
① There is a pen and some books on the desk.
② There are some books and a pen on the desk.
(2)類似的句型還有：there live,there stand,there lie,there seem to be,there happen to be,there is likely to be等。如：
① Once upon a time,there lived an old fisherman by the sea.
② There seems to be something wrong with it.
(3)there be句型的反意疑問句的附加部分也用there be的相應(yīng)形式，如：①There is little ink in the bottle,is there?
③ There used to be a bus stop at the corner,usedn’t /didn’t there?
3、以here,there,up,down,in,out,now,then,away等副詞開頭的句子。如：①Look,there comes the bus.
②Out rushed the children.
③Away went the boy.
但如果主語是代詞就不倒裝。如：
① There he comes.
② Here it is.
4、以only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句開頭時，要半倒裝。如：
① Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
② Only in this way can we better the living conditions of the people.
③ Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go back home.
5、 以副詞so,neither,nor(均有“也”的含義)開頭的句子。如：
① He likes basketball very much.So do I.
② I didn’t read the notice on the board,nor(neither) did he.
但如果so不含“也”的意思，即使打頭，也不用倒裝。如：
-----It was cold yesterday.-----So it was.（so當(dāng)“的確”講）
6、 否定意義的副詞或連詞（如seldom,never,hardly,little,not等）放在句首時，用半倒裝。如：
① Seldom does his wife have a holiday.
② Never shall I forget the day.
③ Hardly can I believe it.
④ Not until he saw the present did he feel happy.
⑤ No sooner had we got home than it began to rain.
⑥ Not only is he a pop singer,but he is also a famous film star. （前一個分句倒裝，后一個分句不倒裝）
7、 省略if的虛擬條件句。如果條件從句的謂語有were,had,should等，可省去if,把were,had,should移到句首。如：
① Were I you(=If I were you),I would try again.
② Had you come early(=If you had come early),you would have met him.
③ Should it rain tomorrow(=If it should rain tomorrow),the crops would be saved.
8、 as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，謂語動詞以后的部分倒裝（提到as之前）。如：
① Child as he is（=Though he is a child）,he knows a lot.
② Much as I like it,I won’t buy it.
③ Hard as he worked,he made little progress.
Though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可以用倒裝，也可以不用倒裝。
9、 so/such引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，當(dāng)so/such放在句首時，用倒裝如：①So interesting was the film that I saw it twice.
②Such a kindhearted man is he that everyone loves him.
10、直接引語的全部或部分放在句首，并且主句的主語為名詞時，主句倒裝。如：
①“You are right.”said the teacher.
②“Boys,”said the teacher,“you are right.”
但“I am very sorry.”he said.(he是代詞，不倒裝)
11、為了表達(dá)生動，或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)表語或狀語，或?yàn)榱耸咕渥泳舛寡b。如：
① At the head of the queue was an old woman.
② Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting.
③ Before them were miles and miles of snow.
④ Gone are the days when the Chinese had to use foreign oil.
⑤ Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement.
12、某些表示祝愿的句子，需要倒裝。如：
① May you succeed!
② Long live the Communist Party of China!
Ⅲ、插入語
英語句子中（尤其在口語中）常插入一些單詞、短語或句子，用來補(bǔ)充某些含義。語法上稱之為“插入語”。
（一）插入語的類型
1、單詞（多是副詞）。如：
① I can,however,discuss this when I see you.
② -----Are you hungry?-----Yes,I sure am.
2、短語。如：
① China and India,for example,are neighbours.
② By the way,where are you from?
③ To tell you the truth,I don’t agree with you.
④ Jack,as far as I know,isn’t very clever.
⑤ These young people,I dare say,will succeed.
⑥ This machine,it seems,is not so good as that one.
⑦ What do you think has happened to him?
(二)插入語的位置
通常插入語位于句中，并用逗號隔開。有時，也位于句首或句末。也有時，不用逗號隔開。如：
① What on earth do you mean?
② What was to become of them all,he wondered.
(三)插入語在句中的作用
一般說來，插入語在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入語抽去，句子的含義不大受影響。但是，有的插入語卻是句子不可缺少的一部分。如：He got the news from nobody knows where.如果把“nobody knows”從句中抽出，句子含義就不清楚，句子就不通了。
（四）混合疑問句
是一種包含有插入語的特殊疑問句，常用來征詢對方對某一疑問點(diǎn)的看法、判斷、認(rèn)識、猜度或請求對方重復(fù)一遍說過的話。口語中出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。如：
① How long did you say he would stay here?
② When do you suppose he’ll be back?
在這種混合疑問句中用作插入語的動詞除了say,suppose之外，常用的還有g(shù)uess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。
注意：這種帶插入語的混合疑問句與帶有賓語從句的一般疑問句在結(jié)構(gòu)上是不同的。比較：
Where do you think he has gone?/Do you know where he has gone?
（五）大綱上要求掌握的常用作插入語的詞語：
1.above all 2.after all 3.all the same 4.and so on 5.as a matter of fact/in fact 6.as a result 7.as usual 8.by the way 9.for example 10.in a word 11.in one’s opinion 12.in one’s turn 13.in other words 14.more or less 15.generally speaking 16.of course 17.to one’s joy 18.so far 19.to one’s surprise 20.to tell(you)the truth
常作插入語的副詞有：actually,besides,finally,however,obviously,
otherwise,probably,therefore等。
高考試題：
1.Not until all the fish died in the river_____how serious the pollution was.(NMET95)
A.did the villagers realize B.the villagers realized
C.the villagers realized D.didn’t the villagers realize
2.Only in this way_____to make improvement in the operating system.
A.you can hope B.you did hope C.can you hope D.did you hope
（2003年上海春季高考）
3.Not until I began to work_____how much time I had wasted.
A.didn’t I realize B.did I realize C.I didn’t realize D.I realize
(NMET90)
4.---David has made great progress recently.---_____,and_____.
A.So he has;so you have B.So he has;so have you
C.So has he;so have you D.So has he;so you have(97上海)
5.I finally got the job I dreamed about.Never in my life____so happy!
A.did I feel B.I felt C.I had felt D.had I felt (2000春)
6.Not a single song_____at yesterday’s party.(2000上海)
A.she sang B.sang she C.did she sing D.she did sing
7.John plays football_____,if not better than,David.(NMET94)
A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as
8.We all write,_____,even when there is not much to say.(NMET 94)
A.now and then B.by and by C.step by step D.more or less
9.---Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
---Why_____? John is sitting there doing nothing.(NMET2003)
A.him B.he C.I D.me
10.The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once____with each other.(NMET2003)
A.they had quarreled B.they have quarreled
C.have they quarreled D.had they quarreled
專項(xiàng)題組訓(xùn)練
I.省略
1.He became a good player_____in college.
A.when B.because C.as soon as D.even though
2._____green,the door might look more beautiful.
A.You painted B.If painted C.To paint D.Have it painted
3.-----The patient feels better.-----I know_______.
A.he feels B.he does C.he does so D.he does it
4.----Have you been here long?-----_________.
A.Not much B.Yes,only little C.No,only yesterday D.No,not very
5.----Do you need a new dictionary in your English study?---No,____.
A.I have some to do it B.there are some already
C.I think I have some that will do D.I’m having some dictionaries
6.I told him to sit down and_____for a moment.
A.waits B.waited C.wait D.waiting
7.My father is a doctor and my mother________.
A.nurse B.a nurse C.be a nurse D.is nurse
II.倒裝
1.Nowhere else in the world____cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A.a tourist can find B.can a tourist find
C.a tourist will find D.a tourist has found
2.----You seem to be an actor.---____.I have played many parts in a lot of films.
A.So I am B.So am I C.So do I D.So I do
3._____that we all went out,lying in the sun.
A.So fine was the weather B.So was the fine weather
C.The weather so fine was D.So the weather was fine
4.____a nice man_____that we all believed him.
A.So;he seemed B.So;did he seem
C.Such;he seemed D.Such;did he seem
5.Not only____working hard,but also_____very polite.
A.is the boy;he is B.is the boy;is he
C.the boy is;he is D.the boy is;is he
6.Not until_____,______settle the problem.
A.he returns;can we B.he returns;we can
C.does he return;we can D.does he return;can we
7.Well____know him and well______know me.
A.I did;he did B.I did;did he C.did I;he did D.did I;did he
8.He was unable to make such progress,______.
A.hard he has tried B.as hard as he tried
9.There______shouts for help from the river.
A.are coming B.did come C.comes D.come
10.Seeing many people coming,away_____.
A.the thief ran B.run the thief C.ran the thief D.did the thief run
III.插入語
1．Hold the ladder for me,that’s_________.
A.all B.it C.all right D.complete
2.---______,but can you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
---I’m sorry.I’m a stranger here myself.Perhaps this lady can help you.
A.I’m sorry B.Hello C.Excuse me D.Why
3.---Have you nearly finished?---_____,we have just begun.
A.Above all B.After all C.On the contrary D.on the other hand
4.The young woman has studied in England for two years and she will come back______.
A.by and by B.one by one C.after a while D.long before
5.Mr Li looked as I remembered,_____he was very thin.
A.except for B.except that C.except D.besides
6.Many great men rose from poverty,Lincoln and Edison,_____.
A.like that B.as though C.for example D.such as
7.---____is the best football player in your city? -----Jerry.
A.Do you think who B.Do you think whom
C.Who do you think D.Whom do you think
8.____we like the idea______not,we’ll have to go with him.
A.Either,or B.Neither,nor C.Whether,or D.If,or
9._____is well known,Taiwan is part of China.
A.As B.That C.Which D.It
10.Albert did not take your book,_____,he was not in the room.
A.All of a sudden B.As a matter of fact
C.Once in a while D.To his surprise
11.Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard,and_______,you failed.
A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time
12.His handwriting is as good as,_____,his brother’s.
A.if not better B.if not better than C.if it is better D.if better than
13.There was a big fire in the building last night.______,all the people were able to escape.
A.Fortunate B.Fortunately C.To be fortunate D.Above all
14.It was raining heavily.______,it was getting dark,so we lost our way and stayed in the cave for the whole night.
A.Above all B.That is C.What’s more D.In other words
15.I didn’t go to his party last night,___,I didn’t want to see him at all.
A.To tell you the truth B.Telling you the truth
C.That’s to say D.Let’s say
16.You may agree with anyone you like.____,I agree with Lily.
A.What’s more B.That’s all C.Personally D.Or rather
17.Only half of the students passed the exam,_____,about 30 students failed in the exam.
A.worse still B.that is C.indeed D.after all
18._____from his accent,he must be from the south.
A.Judging B.Judged C.To judge D.To be judged
19._____,we must do the work with a good plan.
A.To start B.To start with C.Starting D.Starting with
20.We met with a lot of trouble in doing the work._____we succeeded in the end.
A.All in all B.Above all C.Therefore D.After all
Key to the exercises:
高考試題：1---10 ACBBD CBADC
專題訓(xùn)練：I.省略：1---7 ABBDCCB
II.倒裝：1--10 BAADA ADCDC
III.插入語：1----10 BCCAB CCCAB
11---20 CBBCA CBABA
責(zé)任編輯：李芳芳