【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
1.單詞和詞組
fine 細(xì)的 fine rain 細(xì)雨 for ever 永遠(yuǎn) get away 逃脫
set...on fire 使燃燒 downhill 下山 shower 陣雨
lightning 閃電 fox 狐貍 inspire 鼓舞
2.日常交際用語(yǔ)
I guess /believe (that)
It seems (that)....
She/He/They must have done....
It looks as if....
It certainly is.
3.語(yǔ)法
復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分－－狀語(yǔ)。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)講解】
1．本單元的標(biāo)題 The find of the century可譯作"本世紀(jì)偉大的發(fā)現(xiàn)"。此處的 find 不是動(dòng)詞，而是名詞，作"發(fā)現(xiàn)的(有價(jià)值的)東西"(something good or valuable that is found)解。例如：
The little bookshop is a real find. I didn't know it existed.
這家小書(shū)店確實(shí)是個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，我以前還不知道有這家書(shū)店呢。
2．One moment we were walking along the top of a hill and now we could see no more than about thirty metres ahead of us. 剛才我們還在山頂上行走，而現(xiàn)在30公尺開(kāi)外的地方就看不清了。
One moment…, and now…結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是"剛才……，現(xiàn)在卻又……。"這里的one moment相當(dāng)于just a moment ago的意思。例如：
One moment she was reading and now she fell asleep.
剛才她還在看書(shū)的，現(xiàn)在卻睡著了。
3．We had lost the path and had no hope of finding it again. 我們找不到那條小路，而且也沒(méi)有希望再找到了。
hope可以作不可數(shù)名詞，后面常可跟of引起的介詞短語(yǔ)(hope of ＋ n. ／-ing)，如本句中的hope of后跟-ing形式短語(yǔ)。例如：
He gave up all hope of success. 他不再抱成功的希望了。
They have not much hope of winning the game. 他們對(duì)于贏得這場(chǎng)比賽沒(méi)抱多大希望。
4．Then the grass turned to bushes and the hillside became steeper.
接著，野草變成了矮樹(shù)叢，山坡也變陡了。
句中的 turn to作"變成"(become)解，后跟名詞。例如：
Ice turns to water if the temperature goes up. 如果溫度上升，冰就變成水。
It was getting colder, and the rain turned to snow. 天氣越來(lái)越冷，下雨變成了落雪。
turn to除了作"變成"解外，還可以作"(把書(shū)頁(yè))翻到"、"轉(zhuǎn)向"、"求助于"解。例如：
Please turn to page 128 for the key to the exercises. 請(qǐng)翻到第128頁(yè)找練習(xí)答案。
You'd better turn to your audience when you're speaking. 你說(shuō)話的時(shí)候，最好是面對(duì)聽(tīng)眾。
They always turn to me when they are in trouble.他們有困難的時(shí)候，總是來(lái)找我?guī)椭?/p>
5．"We can make a fire and warm ourselves.""我們可以生個(gè)火來(lái)暖暖身子。"
make a fire生火，把火生起來(lái)。例如：
I feel very cold. Please make a fire. 我感覺(jué)很冷，請(qǐng)把火生起來(lái)吧。
6．I always carry matches with me at such times and I tore out the pages of the first chapter of the book I was reading to get the fire going. 在這樣的時(shí)候我總是帶著火柴的。我把我正在讀的書(shū)的第一章那幾頁(yè)撕下，使火燒起來(lái)。
1)tear out撕下，扯下，拔出(＝ remove sth. roughly by pulling)。例如：
He wrote quickly the address down in his notebook, tore the page out, and handed it to me.他在筆記本上匆匆地寫(xiě)下地址，撕下那一頁(yè)來(lái)交給了我。
The telephone wires have been torn out, so we can't call the police. 電話線被拔掉了，所以我們不能報(bào)警。
2) get (sth.) going的意思是"使(某物)開(kāi)始活躍"或"使(某物)開(kāi)始工作"(cause sth. to be active, working, etc.)。例如：
It's difficult to get the car going on cold mornings. 冷天的早晨很難把汽車發(fā)動(dòng)起來(lái)。
Can you get the clock going again? It's stopped for a week. 你能使這鐘重新走動(dòng)嗎？它停了一周了。
7．"I think someone has been carving animals.""我看是有人一直在這兒雕刻動(dòng)物哩。"
本句中賓語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)"has been carving"。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)由"have／has been＋-ing形式"構(gòu)成，它表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛結(jié)束，也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來(lái)。例如：
How long have you been waiting here?----I've been waiting here for about half an hour.你在這兒等多久了？-我在這兒大概等了半個(gè)小時(shí)。(等的動(dòng)作從半個(gè)小時(shí)前開(kāi)始，現(xiàn)在剛剛結(jié)束。)
I've been sitting here for an hour.(I sat down here an hour ago, and I'm still sitting here.)我在這兒坐了一小時(shí)了。(一小時(shí)前我坐在這兒，現(xiàn)在仍在坐著)。
She has been studying English since she came to this school. (She began to study English when she came to this school. She's still studying English now and will go on studying English.)她從進(jìn)校以來(lái)一直在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。(從進(jìn)校開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在仍在學(xué)，而且將繼續(xù)學(xué)下去。)
請(qǐng)比較下列各句，注意現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)在時(shí)間概念上的區(qū)別：
I've written an article. 我寫(xiě)好了一篇文章。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完了)
I've been writing an article. 我一直在寫(xiě)一篇文章。(現(xiàn)在還在寫(xiě))
He has repaired my bike. 他把我的自行車修好了。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了)
He has been repairing my bike this afternoon. 今天下午他一直在修我的自行車。(現(xiàn)在還在修)
由此可見(jiàn)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)"動(dòng)作已完成"，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)"動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行"。
但是少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如live，study，teach，work等)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的意思是差不多的。例如：
How long have you studied/been studying here? 你在這兒學(xué)習(xí)多久了？
He has lived/ been living there for ten years. 他在那兒住了十年了。
8．I went further back into the cave and stopped still. 我再往巖洞里邊走去，然后站住不動(dòng)了。
still是形容詞，意思是"原地不動(dòng)"。still的此種用法多與stay/ stand/ sit/ lie連用，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
They pushed and pushed, but the truck stood still. 他們推呀推呀，而卡車卻一動(dòng)也不動(dòng)。
The old man stood still by the window. 那位老人安安靜靜地站在窗戶旁邊。
Can't you sit still for a moment, Jim? 吉姆，你難道不能安靜地坐一會(huì)兒?jiǎn)幔?/p>
He lay still in bed and was deep in thought. 他靜靜地躺在床上，陷入了沉思。
9．I turned the corner and looked in astonishment. 我轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)拐角，驚奇地望著。
in astonishment驚奇地。在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表示行為方式，修飾動(dòng)詞look。
介詞in可以和一些表示情緒的名詞連用，構(gòu)成方式狀語(yǔ)。如
in fear(害怕地)、 in surprise (驚奇地)、 in anger(憤怒地)、 in grief(憂郁地)、 in happiness(高高興興地)、 in sorrow (愁苦地)等。
10．…we've still got a little food and water and maybe by tomorrow morning the weather will have cleared up.……我們還有一點(diǎn)食物和水，也許明天早晨就會(huì)晴了。
句中的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞clear up作"(天氣)轉(zhuǎn)晴"解。例如：
The weather has cleared up; we can go out. 天晴了，我們可以出去了。
It's raining now, but I think it will clear up soon. 現(xiàn)在正在下雨，但是我看天氣很快會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)晴的。
It looks as if the rain will continue for some time, but it may clear up before dark. 看起來(lái)雨還會(huì)下一些時(shí)候，不過(guò)天黑前也許會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)晴的。
clear up還可作"露出喜悅的表情"解。例如：
Her face cleared up as she read the letter. 她看信的時(shí)候，面露喜色。
clear up作及物用時(shí)還可以作"整理"、"收拾"、"澄清"、"解決"解。例如：
When you have finished your meal, please clear up the kitchen. 你吃完飯后，請(qǐng)把廚房收拾一下。
You'd better clear up the classroom before you go home. 你們回家前最好把教室打掃一下。
The book has cleared up many problems for me. 這本書(shū)給我解決了許多難題。
The teacher cleared up the harder parts of the story. 老師講清了故事中比較難于理解的部分。
11 ．Neither of us realized that night that these carvings and paintings dated back 15,000 years, nor that the headline in the newspaper would be"The find of the century ---- children aged 13 and 11 discover cave paintings."那天晚上，我們誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有意識(shí)到，這些雕刻和繪畫(huà)已經(jīng)存在1.5萬(wàn)年了，我們也沒(méi)有想到報(bào)紙的標(biāo)題竟會(huì)是："本世紀(jì)的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)-13歲和11歲的兒童發(fā)現(xiàn)了巖畫(huà)。"
1）date back(to)可追溯到，從……時(shí)候開(kāi)始有，已存在……(時(shí)候)了。例如：
This custom dates back several centuries. 這種習(xí)俗已經(jīng)存在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)了。
The castle dates back to the 14th century. 這座城堡從14世紀(jì)起就開(kāi)始有了。
This church dates back to 1173. 這座教堂始建于1173年。
2） Children aged 13 and 11中的aged 13 and 11是后置定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的名詞children。這里的aged是形容詞，作"有……歲"、"……年紀(jì)的"解，也可以作"老年的"、"上了年紀(jì)的"解。例如：
Only the young girls aged 18-25 are fit for the job.
只有18-25歲的年輕姑娘才合適做這項(xiàng)工作。
3)Children aged 13 and 11 discover cave paintings, 這是報(bào)紙上的標(biāo)題。其中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞discover用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而不是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這是因?yàn)樵趫?bào)紙上的標(biāo)題、圖片說(shuō)明、電影說(shuō)明、戲劇的舞臺(tái)說(shuō)明中動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【語(yǔ)法－狀語(yǔ)】
1， 有許多種狀語(yǔ)從句，要根據(jù)主句與從句的邏輯關(guān)系決定用什么連詞。狀語(yǔ)從句一共有九種：時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、方式、比較、地點(diǎn)等。
The temple is in good state because it is repaired every two years. (原因)
If you are not sure about it, you may refer to the dictionary. (條件)
Although it's not easy, we can manage it. (讓步)
2，用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要注意主句的主語(yǔ)是什么，才能決定該用現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞還是不定式。
Having received a lot of letters he decided to write answers at once. (他主動(dòng)收到信。)
Having been given more time, we could have finished it. (我們被給予時(shí)間。)
To finish the task on time they worked day and night. (他們主動(dòng)完成任務(wù)。)
He has returned only to be sent away again. (他被送走。)
3，副詞作狀語(yǔ)位置比較靈活，可置于句首、句中或句尾。當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)并列時(shí)，一般將地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)之前。
He speaks English badly but reads it well.
Naturally we expect you to come as early as possible.
On Third Road last night an accident happened.
【詞語(yǔ)辨析】
1, ought與should：
ought的意思是應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng)。通常表示有責(zé)任或義務(wù)，有時(shí)還表示有需要的意思。例：
You ought to go there.你應(yīng)該到那兒去。
You ought to eat more.你應(yīng)當(dāng)多吃一點(diǎn)。
You ought to have told me that yesterday.你昨天就應(yīng)該把那件事情告訴我。
should也有應(yīng)該、應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)囊馑迹脖硎居胸?zé)任或義務(wù)，但與ought相比，其意味較弱，它有時(shí)還表示有必要。例：
You should be more careful.你應(yīng)該細(xì)心一些。
He should have told me the news yesterday.他昨天就應(yīng)該把這消息告訴我。
It is necessary that we should go here at once.我們必須立即去那兒。
2， tired與exhausted：
tired 的意思是疲倦、疲乏、疲勞、累。它是普通用語(yǔ)，大量用于日常生活中，意味較弱，通常指費(fèi)力過(guò)度而感到疲勞。它還可表示感到厭倦、厭煩的意思。例：
Are you tired?你累了嗎？
My eyes were tired from reading in a poor light.因在不良的光線下閱讀，我的眼睛很疲勞。
We are tired of hearing the old story.這老話我們聽(tīng)厭了。
exhausted的意思是疲憊、勞累，意味較強(qiáng)，指由于長(zhǎng)時(shí)間費(fèi)力過(guò)度，以致精力耗盡。例：
Tom was too exhausted to eat his dinner.湯姆已精疲力竭，不想吃飯了。
I was too exhausted to wake easily when once asleep.我太累了，只要倒頭一睡就很難醒過(guò)來(lái)了。
3， animal與beast：
animal的意思是動(dòng)物，是相對(duì)于植物而言，是動(dòng)物的總稱，通常指獸、鳥(niǎo)蟲(chóng)、雨等。例：It is an animal of monkey kind.這是一種屬猴類的動(dòng)物。
The animal is hungry.這個(gè)動(dòng)物餓了。
beast的意思是四足動(dòng)物，獸，通常指不包括爬行動(dòng)物的較大的四足動(dòng)物。例：
The camel is a beast of burden.駱駝是負(fù)重的動(dòng)物。
The tiger is a beast of prey.老虎是猛獸（食肉獸）。